I May Destroy You: Michaela Coel on Sexual Trauma and Memory

POP CULTURE & TRAUMA • May 20, 2026

Ethical Note and Spoiler Note

Before we begin, it’s important to acknowledge the ethical boundaries of trauma-informed clinical analysis in pop culture. I May Destroy You is a work of fiction, deeply inspired by Michaela Coel’s own lived experience but ultimately a crafted narrative designed to evoke understanding and empathy. This article approaches the series through a trauma-informed lens, focusing on themes of sexual trauma, fragmented memory, and relational healing without making clinical diagnoses of any person, real or fictional. Pop culture can be a powerful doorway to self-understanding and validation, but it’s never a substitute for personalized therapy or professional mental health care.

Spoiler alert: This article discusses key scenes and plot elements, including the series finale and its unique multiple endings. Readers who haven’t yet seen the series may wish to watch it first or proceed with caution.

Why This Story Lands in the Body

The opening scene of I May Destroy You powerfully captures the disorienting aftermath of sexual trauma: Arabella wakes up after a night out, confused and unable to remember what happened. This isn’t simply a narrative device but a clinical reality for many survivors whose memories are fragmented, incomplete, or inaccessible. The experience of not knowing, of gaps in memory, is often deeply distressing and isolating.

What I want to be clear about—because it matters clinically—is that fragmented memory isn’t a sign of weakness or failure. It’s the nervous system doing exactly what it was designed to do: protect the individual from intolerable overwhelm. As Bessel van der Kolk explains in The Body Keeps the Score (2014), trauma memories are stored differently in the brain than ordinary memories. Instead of coherent, verbal narratives, traumatic memories are often encoded somatically and sensorily—felt in the body as sensations, emotions, or flashes of images rather than a linear story.

This neurobiological truth is embodied in Arabella’s struggle to piece together her experience. The show invites viewers into the messy, nonlinear process of remembering and reclaiming agency, a process that’s often silenced or oversimplified in mainstream media. This is why I May Destroy You lands so profoundly in the body: it honors the embodied reality of trauma and the complex, often fragmented nature of memory.

The Trauma Lens: Sexual Trauma; Fragmented Memory; Friendship as Holding

Sexual Trauma and Its Complex Aftermath

Sexual trauma is among the most pervasive and impactful forms of interpersonal violence, with deep and lasting effects on survivors’ psychology, relationships, and nervous systems. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in five Americans was sexually molested as a child, and one in four adults experience sexual violence at some point in their lives. The stigma and shame surrounding sexual trauma often compound the suffering.

In I May Destroy You, Coel doesn’t shy away from the difficult realities of sexual assault, including the complicated feelings of shame, self-blame, anger, and fear. The series explores how trauma can fracture a survivor’s sense of self and trust in others, especially when the perpetrator is someone known or within the survivor’s social circle.

Fragmented Memory and Dissociation

Fragmented memory is a hallmark of trauma, particularly sexual trauma. Janina Fisher and Pat Ogden’s sensorimotor psychotherapy framework highlights how overwhelming experiences can lead to compartmentalization—where traumatic memories are stored in parts, disconnected from conscious awareness (Fisher & Ogden, 2015). This fragmentation isn’t forgetting but a protective mechanism that allows the nervous system to shield the individual from intolerable pain.

In the show, Arabella’s memory gaps and flashbacks illustrate this phenomenon vividly. The series respects the survivor’s pace and process in reclaiming memories, avoiding the trope of sudden “recovered memories” or forced disclosure. This aligns with Judith Herman’s trauma recovery stages: establishing safety, remembrance and mourning, and reconnection (Herman, 1992).

Friendship as Holding Environment

Relational repair is a cornerstone of trauma recovery, and I May Destroy You portrays friendship as a vital holding environment. Attachment theory, pioneered by John Bowlby and expanded by contemporary trauma clinicians, teaches us that secure relationships provide the safety needed for nervous system regulation and healing.

Arabella’s friendships serve as witnesses and anchors, offering validation, empathy, and safety. This relational holding supports her as she navigates memory, shame, and vulnerability. Stephen Porges’ polyvagal theory and Deb Dana’s clinical applications emphasize how social engagement through trusted relationships can soothe the nervous system and foster resilience (Porges, 2011; Dana, 2018).

How I May Destroy You Shows Up in Driven Women

In my work with clients — driven, ambitious women who present as the most competent person in every room they enter — the stories we’re analyzing here don’t stay on screen. They walk into the therapy room. Two composite client portraits, drawn from common patterns rather than any individual client:

Priya is a 39-year-old academic, newly tenured. The achievement she dreamed about for fifteen years arrived in a single email and she felt nothing. She tells herself she’s tired. She tells herself it’s the post-tenure dip everyone warned her about. She does not yet know what she’s actually grieving.

What Priya needed to hear, and what I May Destroy You quietly offers, is that the pattern she’s been calling ‘just my personality’ is actually an adaptation. It was brilliant once. It may not be necessary anymore.

Leila is a 37-year-old founder of a venture-backed company. She is the one her board flies in to fix things. She is also the one who lies awake at 3 AM running scenarios about her younger sister, who stopped speaking to her last spring. She has not told a single person on her team that her family is, in her words, ‘a complete mess.’

Leila’s family was, in her words, ‘nothing like’ the family in I May Destroy You. And yet she could not stop crying through it. That dissonance — knowing your story is different and feeling the same wound — is often where the work begins.

Both Priya and Leila — or whichever pair I’m sitting with that day — recognize themselves in the patterns the story is naming. That recognition is where the work begins. Not with diagnosis. With the relief of being able to put words on a pattern that had been operating in silence.

What the Story Gets Right Clinically

Honoring the Nonlinear Process of Recovery

One of the most clinically accurate aspects of I May Destroy You is its refusal to present trauma recovery as linear or neat. Recovery is often a jagged, nonlinear process with progress and setbacks. The show’s multiple endings metaphorically embody this complexity, reflecting how survivors must try on different narratives to make sense of their experiences.

Avoiding Simplistic Closure

Closure is a cultural expectation but often an unrealistic goal for trauma survivors. The series’ refusal to offer a tidy resolution validates the ongoing nature of healing and the reality that some questions may remain unanswered. This honors Judith Herman’s emphasis on remembrance and mourning without forcing finality (Herman, 1992).

Depicting Neurobiological Realities

The show’s portrayal of flashbacks, dissociation, hyperarousal, and nervous system dysregulation aligns with clinical understandings from The Body Keeps the Score and polyvagal theory. These embodied symptoms aren’t character flaws but adaptive responses to threat.

Addressing Betrayal Trauma Dynamics

Jennifer Freyd’s betrayal trauma theory describes how survivors may suppress or distort memories to maintain attachment or safety when perpetrators are known or trusted (Freyd, 1996). I May Destroy You explores these dynamics sensitively, showing how Arabella’s relationships complicate her recovery.

What Trauma Survivors May Recognize in Themselves

For many survivors, Arabella’s experience will feel deeply familiar: the confusion of fragmented memory, the shame and self-blame, the difficulty trusting others, and the profound need for safe relational connection. The series validates these experiences without pathologizing or sensationalizing them.

Survivors may also recognize the tension between wanting to remember and fearing what memories might reveal. This ambivalence is common and understandable. The show’s compassionate portrayal can offer hope that these feelings are normal and that healing is possible.

Both/And: Holding Truth and Compassion Together

A trauma-informed approach embraces a both/and perspective. Arabella’s dissociation and memory fragmentation were survival strategies that protected her at the time of assault and afterward. These responses are both adaptive and, in the present, potentially limiting or painful.

This both/and reframe is essential for recovery. As Judith Herman teaches, survivors deserve compassion for the strategies that kept them alive, even when those strategies no longer serve them fully (Herman, 1992). Recognizing this can help reclaim agency and foster integration.

The Systemic Lens: Why This Wound Is Not Just Personal

Sexual trauma occurs within broader systemic contexts of power, culture, and oppression. I May Destroy You thoughtfully addresses how race, gender, and social structures shape survivors’ experiences and responses. This aligns with Jennifer Freyd’s work on institutional betrayal, which reveals how systems meant to protect can perpetuate harm (Freyd, 2013).

Understanding trauma systemically means recognizing that healing isn’t only individual but also relational and political. It requires addressing cultural myths, stigma, and barriers to support.

How This Connects to Recovery

Healing from sexual trauma is a multifaceted process involving nervous system regulation, narrative integration, relational repair, and systemic change. The clinical frameworks of Judith Herman, Bessel van der Kolk, Janina Fisher, Pat Ogden, and others provide guidance on these stages.

I May Destroy You models this process with nuance and honesty, encouraging viewers to hold complexity with compassion. Recovery isn’t about erasing trauma but reclaiming agency and rebuilding a life where trauma no longer defines the self.

Clinical Deepening: What This Story Helps Us See

Scene-Level Depth: Navigating Fragmented Memory and Dissociation

One of the most striking aspects of I May Destroy You is its nuanced portrayal of Arabella’s fragmented memory and dissociative experiences following her assault. Rather than depicting memory loss as a simple blackout or amnesia, the series carefully unpacks how trauma disrupts the brain’s capacity to encode and retrieve memories in a coherent narrative form. This aligns with Judith Herman’s foundational work on trauma and recovery, where she emphasizes that traumatic memories are often stored as sensory fragments and emotional states rather than chronological stories.

In clinical terms, Arabella’s experience reflects the brain’s survival strategy during overwhelming events: the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex—areas responsible for organizing memories and making sense of experiences—may be hypoactive or disconnected during trauma, while the amygdala, which processes threat and emotion, becomes hyperactive (van der Kolk, 2014). This neurobiological pattern explains why survivors often recall flashbacks, somatic sensations, or emotional fragments rather than a clear sequence of events.

The series’ use of non-linear storytelling, shifting perspectives, and sensory flashbacks mirrors the lived experience of many survivors who grapple with intrusive memories that arrive unbidden, out of context, or in overwhelming waves. This narrative style invites viewers to inhabit Arabella’s internal world, fostering empathy and a deeper understanding of dissociation—a protective detachment from the present moment that Janina Fisher describes as a “window of tolerance” phenomenon, where the nervous system oscillates between hyperarousal and hypoarousal.

Clinically, it’s important to recognize that dissociation isn’t a failure or pathology but an adaptive response to intolerable stress. Pat Ogden’s sensorimotor psychotherapy model highlights how dissociation can manifest as bodily shutdown, numbness, or altered states of consciousness, all of which serve to shield the individual from further harm. This understanding encourages clinicians and loved ones to approach survivors’ fragmented memories with patience and without judgment, creating a safe space where integration can gradually occur.

Clinical Nuance: The Polyvagal Perspective on Safety and Connection

A key element in Arabella’s recovery journey is her relationship with friends and her gradual re-engagement with her body and environment. Deb Dana’s application of Stephen Porges’ Polyvagal Theory offers a rich framework to understand these dynamics. According to Polyvagal Theory, the autonomic nervous system has multiple branches that regulate our sense of safety and social engagement. Trauma often triggers a defensive state—either fight/flight or freeze/shutdown—that impairs social connection and self-regulation.

Throughout the series, Arabella’s nervous system shifts between states of hypervigilance, dissociation, and tentative safety. Moments of genuine connection with her friends activate the ventral vagal complex, which supports feelings of calm, trust, and relational safety. These interactions serve as “co-regulation” moments, where the nervous system can downshift from defensive states toward social engagement and healing.

Clinicians working with survivors can draw from this model to prioritize relational safety and attunement as foundational elements of therapy. Rather than rushing to process traumatic memories, creating an environment where the nervous system feels safe enough to regulate is paramount. This might involve gentle pacing, grounding exercises, and validating the survivor’s experience without pressuring them to “remember” or “move on” prematurely.

Recovery Interpretation: Friendship as a Holding Environment

The series beautifully illustrates the concept of friendship as a holding environment—a term rooted in Winnicott’s psychoanalytic theory but expanded in trauma therapy to describe relational spaces that provide containment, empathy, and validation. Arabella’s friends, despite their imperfections, offer her a vital container to explore her fragmented memories, express vulnerability, and reclaim her agency.

Judith Herman emphasizes the importance of “rebuilding the social world” in trauma recovery, noting that healing occurs not only internally but through re-engagement with trustworthy others. The show’s depiction of friendship underscores how relational trauma can be healed through authentic connection, shared vulnerability, and mutual support.

However, it also portrays the complexities of these relationships—missteps, misunderstandings, and betrayals—which reflect the real-world challenges survivors face in trusting others. This complexity invites viewers and clinicians alike to hold a nuanced view of social support: it’s neither a panacea nor guaranteed but a critical, ongoing process that requires patience, boundaries, and mutual respect.

Ethical Cautions: Navigating Representation and Survivor Agency

While I May Destroy You offers an important cultural contribution by centering survivor narratives, it also raises ethical considerations for clinicians and educators using the series as a teaching tool. Jennifer Freyd’s work on betrayal trauma reminds us that survivors’ experiences are deeply contextualized by power dynamics, systemic betrayal, and societal responses.

Clinicians must be cautious not to generalize Arabella’s story as representative of all survivors or to pathologize survivors who don’t experience memory fragmentation or dissociation in the same way. Every trauma survivor’s journey is unique, influenced by cultural, relational, and individual factors.

Moreover, the series’ multiple endings gesture toward the inherent uncertainty and multiplicity of recovery paths, challenging linear or prescriptive models. This invites trauma-informed clinicians to honor survivors’ agency in defining their own healing journeys, resisting the urge to impose timelines or expected outcomes.

When discussing the series with survivors, it’s essential to provide content warnings, respect boundaries around disclosure, and emphasize that the series is a narrative rather than a clinical blueprint. Resources such as Annie Wright’s Trauma and Memory page offer additional support for survivors seeking information or help.

Integrating Sensorimotor Approaches: Embodied Healing

Pat Ogden’s sensorimotor psychotherapy offers valuable tools for working with trauma survivors who experience somatic symptoms and fragmented memories similar to Arabella’s. The series’ depiction of Arabella’s bodily disconnection and eventual reconnection highlights the importance of attending to the body in trauma therapy.

Sensorimotor approaches emphasize gentle awareness of bodily sensations, movement, and posture as gateways to processing trauma beyond words. This is crucial because trauma is often stored in implicit memory—nonverbal, procedural, and bodily—making purely cognitive therapies insufficient for some survivors.

Clinicians can incorporate somatic interventions such as grounding, breath regulation, and mindful movement to support survivors in reclaiming their body’s wisdom and restoring a sense of safety. These interventions align with Deb Dana’s work on nervous system regulation and can be tailored to each survivor’s window of tolerance.

The Role of Memory and Meaning-Making in Recovery

Janina Fisher’s trauma-informed framework underscores that recovery involves not only symptom reduction but also the integration of traumatic memories into a coherent sense of self. I May Destroy You dramatizes this process through Arabella’s evolving relationship with her assault memory—from confusion and shame to acknowledgment and meaning-making.

This process is neither linear nor uniform; it requires survivors to navigate ambivalence, conflicting emotions, and societal stigma. The series’ refusal to offer a single “truth” or closure honors the complexity of trauma memory and challenges cultural narratives that demand neat resolutions.

Clinicians can support survivors by validating their experiences, normalizing memory fragmentation, and facilitating meaning-making through narrative therapy, expressive arts, or other modalities that honor survivors’ voices and rhythms.

The Systemic Context: Power, Betrayal, and Social Justice

The series also situates Arabella’s trauma within broader systemic dynamics—racism, sexism, and social power structures that shape survivors’ experiences and access to justice. Jennifer Freyd’s betrayal trauma theory is particularly relevant here, highlighting how trauma inflicted by trusted individuals or institutions complicates survivors’ ability to recognize and respond to harm.

This systemic lens calls clinicians and communities to advocate for trauma-informed policies, survivor-centered justice, and culturally responsive care. It also invites reflection on how societal silence and victim-blaming perpetuate harm and isolation.

Annie Wright’s Trauma and Social Justice resource page offers further reading and tools for integrating social justice perspectives into trauma work.

References

• Dana, D. (2018). The Polyvagal Theory in Therapy: Engaging the Rhythm of Regulation. Norton & Company.
• Fisher, J. (2017). Healing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation. Routledge.
• Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Harvard University Press.
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books.
• Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy. Norton & Company.
• van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking.

For more on trauma-informed care and recovery, explore Annie Wright’s Trauma-Informed Therapy offerings.

Clinical Deepening: What This Story Helps Us See

Scene-Level Depth: Unpacking Key Moments Through a Trauma-Informed Lens

One of the most striking sequences in I May Destroy You is Arabella’s initial discovery that she has been sexually assaulted by her friend Kwame. This moment is portrayed with a rawness and complexity that defies typical media portrayals of sexual trauma. Rather than a clear-cut “attack” scenario, the assault unfolds amid blurred social interactions, alcohol, and moments of confusion — a reality that many survivors may recognize but which is rarely depicted with such nuance.

Clinically, this aligns with Judith Herman’s (1992) foundational work on trauma and recovery, where she emphasizes the importance of safety and acknowledgment in the aftermath of trauma. Arabella’s initial shock and denial reflect the mind’s protective mechanisms, including dissociation and fragmentation. The confusion and self-questioning she experiences echo what Janina Fisher (2017) describes as the “fragmented self-states” that emerge when trauma shatters the coherence of personal narrative.

Another pivotal scene involves Arabella’s confrontation with Kwame. Here, the series captures the ethical and emotional complexity of confronting a perpetrator who is also a friend, complicating the survivor’s sense of betrayal and trust. This dynamic is crucial to understand, as Jennifer Freyd’s (1994) betrayal trauma theory highlights: trauma inflicted by trusted individuals can cause profound disruptions in attachment and self-concept, leading to difficulties in recognizing and processing the abuse.

This scene also raises important clinical and ethical cautions. Survivors contemplating confrontation or disclosure must be supported in making choices that prioritize their safety and emotional readiness. As therapists, we recognize that while confrontation can be empowering for some, it can also risk retraumatization or further harm if not carefully navigated. This underscores the value of trauma-informed care that centers the survivor’s agency and pacing.

Clinical Nuance: Navigating Memory, Dissociation, and Nervous System Dysregulation

The series’ depiction of Arabella’s fragmented memory is a powerful illustration of trauma’s impact on the brain and body. Bessel van der Kolk (2014) teaches us that trauma memories are often encoded in sensory and emotional fragments rather than coherent narratives. This can lead to flashbacks, somatic sensations, or gaps in recall — all of which Arabella experiences vividly.

Pat Ogden’s Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (2006) provides a useful framework here, emphasizing the importance of body-based interventions to help survivors reconnect with their physical sensations and regulate their nervous systems. Arabella’s journey towards reclaiming her bodily autonomy and sense of safety reflects this principle.

Deb Dana’s (2018) work on the Polyvagal Theory further enriches our understanding of Arabella’s physiological responses. The series portrays moments when Arabella’s nervous system shifts between hyperarousal (fight/flight) and hypoarousal (freeze/shutdown), which are common survival strategies following trauma. Recognizing these states as adaptive responses rather than pathologies can foster compassion and self-understanding in survivors.

Janina Fisher’s (2017) integration of trauma theory with mindfulness and somatic awareness offers practical clinical insights into working with fragmented memories and dissociative states. Arabella’s gradual piecing together of her experience, with the support of friends and therapists, models a therapeutic process of integrating dissociated parts of the self into a coherent whole.

Recovery Interpretation: Friendship as a Holding Environment

One of the most hopeful aspects of I May Destroy You is its portrayal of friendship as a vital holding environment for healing. Arabella’s friends offer not only emotional support but also a relational container where she can safely explore and express her trauma.

This aligns with Judith Herman’s (1992) three-stage model of trauma recovery: establishing safety, remembrance and mourning, and reconnection. The friendships provide the safety and containment necessary for Arabella to begin the difficult work of remembrance and integration.

Moreover, the series highlights the importance of relational attunement and co-regulation, concepts central to Deb Dana’s (2018) application of Polyvagal Theory in trauma therapy. The presence of attuned others helps regulate the nervous system, reducing trauma-related hypervigilance and isolation.

Pat Ogden’s emphasis on somatic experiencing within relational contexts also resonates here. The friends’ physical presence, touch, and emotional availability create opportunities for embodied healing. This depiction challenges the myth that trauma recovery is a solitary endeavor and underscores the interdependence of human connection.

Ethical Cautions: Trauma Representation and Viewer Impact

While I May Destroy You offers a groundbreaking and sensitive portrayal of sexual trauma, it also raises ethical considerations for both creators and viewers. Jennifer Freyd’s (1994) work on trauma betrayal reminds us that representations of trauma can trigger survivors, potentially causing distress or retraumatization.

Clinicians and educators sharing this series or its analysis should provide appropriate warnings and support resources. It’s essential to respect individual readiness and boundaries around trauma exposure, recognizing that not all survivors will find the series validating or helpful.

Additionally, the series’ multiple endings invite reflection on the nonlinearity and unpredictability of recovery. This narrative choice resists simplistic “healing arcs” that can inadvertently pressure survivors to conform to external expectations of progress.

As therapists, we must be mindful of the diversity of trauma responses and recovery pathways. Encouraging survivors to define their own healing journey, free from judgment or timelines, honors their autonomy and resilience.

Integration with Annie Wright Psychotherapy Resources

For those moved by Arabella’s story and seeking support or further understanding, Annie Wright Psychotherapy offers a range of trauma-informed resources:

• Understanding Trauma and the Nervous System — Explore foundational concepts about how trauma affects the brain and body.
• Healing Through Connection: The Role of Relationships in Recovery — Learn about the power of relational safety as a catalyst for healing.
• Working with Fragmented Memories — Guidance on how therapy supports integration of traumatic memories.
• Polyvagal Theory and Trauma Recovery — Insights into nervous system regulation strategies informed by Stephen Porges and Deb Dana.

For personalized support, you can also schedule a consultation with Annie.

Conclusion: Embracing Complexity and Compassion in Trauma Recovery

I May Destroy You invites us into the messy, nonlinear, and deeply human experience of surviving sexual trauma. By weaving together clinical insights from pioneers like Judith Herman, Bessel van der Kolk, Janina Fisher, Pat Ogden, Deb Dana, Stephen Porges, and Jennifer Freyd, we gain a richer understanding of the neurobiological, psychological, and relational dimensions of trauma and healing.

This series challenges us to hold complexity without rushing to resolution, to honor fragmented memories without shame, and to recognize the profound importance of connection in recovery. For survivors and allies alike, it offers not only representation but also a compassionate framework for navigating the path forward.

As always, if you or someone you know is struggling with trauma, reaching out for professional support is a courageous and vital step. Trauma-informed therapy can provide the safety, tools, and relational attunement necessary to reclaim agency and rebuild a life marked by resilience and hope.

References

• Dana, D. (2018). The Polyvagal Theory in Therapy: Engaging the Rhythm of Regulation. Norton Professional Books.
• Fisher, J., & Ogden, P. (2015). Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: Interventions for Trauma and Attachment. Norton.
• Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Harvard University Press.
• Freyd, J. J. (2013). Institutional Betrayal. In B. A. van der Kolk (Ed.), APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology.
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books.
• Porges, S. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory. Norton.
• Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score. Viking.
• Malchiodi, C. A. (2020). Creative Interventions for Troubled Children and Youth. Guilford Press.
• Neff, K., & Germer, C. (2018). The Mindful Self-Compassion Workbook. Guilford Press.
• Brown, B. (2018). Dare to Lead. Random House.

This article is part of the Complete Guide to Family Trauma in Prestige TV and connects with related analyses such as Spotlight, Know My Name, and Baby Reindeer.

Related Reading

• van der Kolk, Bessel. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Viking, 2014.
• Herman, Judith. Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence — From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
• McBride, Karyl. Will I Ever Be Good Enough?: Healing the Daughters of Narcissistic Mothers. New York: Atria Books, 2008.
• Wolynn, Mark. It Didn’t Start With You: How Inherited Family Trauma Shapes Who We Are. New York: Penguin Books, 2017.
• Freyd, Jennifer J. Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.

Medical Disclaimer

Medical Disclaimer