Perimenopause vs. Thyroid: Why You’re Suffering and Your Labs Look “Normal”
Perimenopause and thyroid dysfunction look nearly identical from the outside — and they frequently co-occur. If you’ve been told your labs are normal while you’re sleeping four hours a night, your hair is thinning, and you can’t remember what you were saying mid-sentence, this post gives you the clinical framework to understand why, and the language to advocate for a workup that actually reflects your body’s complexity.
- When “Normal” Isn’t Normal Enough
- What Is Perimenopause vs. Thyroid Dysfunction?
- The Neurobiology of the Estrogen-Thyroid Connection
- How the Differential Shows Up in Driven Women
- What a Full Thyroid Workup Actually Includes
- Both/And: The Co-Occurrence of Perimenopause and Thyroid Disease
- The Systemic Lens: Medical Gatekeeping and Patient Advocacy
- How to Heal: The Path Forward
- Frequently Asked Questions
When “Normal” Isn’t Normal Enough
A 45-year-old executive sits in her endocrinologist’s office, the glow of the monitor illuminating the TSH result on the screen. “Everything looks normal,” the doctor says, a practiced smile offering what is meant to be reassurance. She wants to scream. She’s sleeping four hours a night, her hair is thinning at the temples, and the brain fog is so thick she had to ask her assistant to repeat the Q3 projections three times this morning. She doesn’t feel normal. She feels like a stranger in her own body, and the medical system is telling her that her suffering is a phantom.
This is the maddening intersection of perimenopause and thyroid dysfunction.
In my work with clients, I see this exact scenario play out with devastating regularity. Driven, ambitious women who have spent their lives mastering complex systems are suddenly sidelined by a cascade of symptoms that defy easy categorization. They’re told it’s just stress. They’re told it’s just aging. They’re told it’s just perimenopause. But what I see consistently in my practice is that the differential diagnosis between perimenopause and thyroid disease is rarely straightforward — and the failure to investigate both thoroughly leaves women suffering unnecessarily.
It’s not enough to simply acknowledge the overlap. We must understand the intricate biological dance and the systemic biases that perpetuate this diagnostic dilemma. And you must have the clinical language to demand better. This post gives you that language.
What Is Perimenopause vs. Thyroid Dysfunction?
To understand why these two conditions are so frequently confused, we first have to define them with clinical precision. The overlap isn’t a coincidence — it’s a reflection of the profound interconnectedness of our endocrine systems. The body is a symphony, not a collection of isolated instruments, and when one section struggles, the entire orchestra can fall out of tune.
The menopausal transition, or perimenopause, is an ill-defined time period that surrounds the final years of a woman’s reproductive life, characterized by profound reproductive and hormonal changes, commencing with persistent differences in menstrual cycle length by more than seven days. As defined by Nanette Santoro, MD, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Iliana C. Lega, MD, endocrinologist and researcher at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
In plain terms: The chaotic years before your period stops completely, when your hormones are fluctuating wildly and your body feels unpredictable. It’s the body’s slow, often turbulent winding down of reproductive function — a process that can last anywhere from a few years to over a decade. During this time, the ovaries gradually produce less estrogen and progesterone, leading to a cascade of physical and emotional symptoms that can significantly impact your quality of life.
Subclinical thyroid disease is defined as serum free T4 and free T3 levels within their respective reference ranges in the presence of abnormal serum TSH levels, often presenting with significant symptoms despite “normal” primary hormone levels. As described by Bernadette Biondi, MD, Professor of Endocrinology at the University of Naples Federico II, and researchers in the field of thyroid function.
In plain terms: Your thyroid is struggling and causing real symptoms, but your standard lab tests aren’t bad enough yet for a traditional doctor to flag them. It’s a grey area where you feel genuinely unwell, but the numbers don’t quite fit the conventional diagnostic boxes — leaving you in medical limbo where your suffering is real but unacknowledged by conventional metrics. This is particularly frustrating for driven women who are used to clear-cut answers and actionable plans.
The symptom overlap map between these two states is a diagnostic labyrinth. Fatigue — profound and unrelenting, described as a bone-deep exhaustion that no amount of rest can alleviate — is a universal complaint in both. Weight shifts, often inexplicable and resistant to diet and exercise, plague both conditions. Mood instability, ranging from heightened anxiety and irritability to deep, persistent sadness, can be attributed to either hormonal upheaval. Hair loss, dry skin, and sleep disturbances are hallmarks of both. Even irregular periods — the very definition of perimenopause — can be a symptom of thyroid dysfunction, further blurring the lines.
The differential is hard because the body doesn’t silo its suffering. It expresses distress through a common language of systemic imbalance. A holistic and investigative approach is absolutely essential — not optional.
The Neurobiology of the Estrogen-Thyroid Connection
The relationship between your ovaries and your thyroid isn’t merely correlational — it’s deeply neurobiological. The hormonal shifts of midlife don’t happen in a vacuum. They echo throughout the entire endocrine system, and the thyroid — a master regulator of metabolism, energy production, and mood — is particularly vulnerable to the shockwaves of perimenopause.
A transport protein produced in the liver that binds to thyroid hormones in the bloodstream. Estrogen increases the production of TBG, which can lead to an increase in total thyroid hormone levels but a potential decrease in the free, bioactive fraction of circulating thyroxine — making less active hormone available to cells. Research by endocrinology scientists at Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul has documented this estrogen-TBG interaction in detail.
In plain terms: TBG is a protein taxi that carries thyroid hormones around your body. When estrogen levels change, the number of taxis changes — which can leave you with too little active thyroid hormone available for your cells to use, even if your total thyroid hormone levels appear normal on a standard test. It’s like having plenty of taxis, but most of them are already occupied. This creates a cellular starvation of thyroid hormone, even with seemingly adequate production.
When estrogen levels fluctuate wildly during perimenopause, the production of TBG is directly impacted. High estrogen phases — common during the early stages of perimenopause — can significantly increase TBG. This surge binds up more thyroid hormone, leaving less free, active hormone available for the body’s tissues to utilize. This creates a state of functional hypothyroidism at the cellular level, even if total thyroid hormone levels appear normal on a standard blood test. The cells are literally starved of the active hormone they need to drive metabolism.
Furthermore, the decline in progesterone during perimenopause removes a crucial layer of support for the thyroid. Progesterone has been shown to upregulate genes involved in thyroid function and can increase free thyroxine levels, making more active hormone available to cells. When progesterone drops, the thyroid loses this vital scaffolding, further compromising its ability to function optimally. This can lead to a sluggish metabolism, reduced energy production, and a host of symptoms that mirror those of perimenopause itself.
This is precisely why perimenopause can unmask subclinical thyroid dysfunction. A thyroid that was previously managing to keep up with the body’s demands may suddenly falter under the shifting hormonal environment of midlife — revealing an underlying vulnerability that was previously compensated for. The neuroendocrinology is clear: the menopausal transition isn’t just a reproductive event. It’s a systemic stress test for the entire endocrine system, and the thyroid is often the first to show signs of strain.
An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and, over time, decreased thyroid function. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developed world and can be present — actively damaging the thyroid — long before TSH levels become overtly abnormal. Bernadette Biondi, MD, Professor of Endocrinology at the University of Naples Federico II, has written extensively on subclinical autoimmune thyroid disease and its clinical significance.
In plain terms: Your immune system is mistakenly attacking your own thyroid gland. You can have this happening — TPO antibodies elevated, the gland under chronic attack — and still have a “normal” TSH for years. The perimenopause hormonal environment can accelerate or trigger this process in women who are genetically predisposed, pushing what was subclinical into active, symptomatic disease.
How the Differential Shows Up in Driven Women
Rachel, 46, is a physician and the clinical director of a busy urgent care center. Her days are a relentless blur of patient consultations, administrative tasks, and critical decision-making. For two years, she chased what she believed was severe perimenopause. She tracked her erratic cycles with meticulous detail, endured the crushing fatigue that made her feel like she was dragging herself through quicksand, and tried to manage the sudden, inexplicable weight gain with punishing early-morning workouts that only left her more depleted. Her gynecologist prescribed a low-dose birth control pill to manage the heavy, unpredictable bleeding — but the exhaustion only deepened. She felt like she was moving through wet concrete, her once-sharp mind shrouded in a persistent fog that made even simple tasks feel monumental.
Because she’s a physician, Rachel knew the statistics. She knew that midlife women are frequently dismissed, their symptoms attributed to stress, age, or psychological factors. But even with her medical training, she didn’t immediately suspect her thyroid. Her annual physicals always showed a “normal” TSH. It was only when the brain fog began to impact her clinical decision-making — when she found herself staring at a patient’s chart, unable to synthesize the data, her confidence eroding, and the fear of making a critical error looming — that she demanded a full thyroid panel. The results were a revelation: high TPO antibodies, indicating Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Her immune system was attacking her thyroid, and the perimenopausal hormone shifts had poured gasoline on the smoldering fire, pushing her into overt dysfunction that could no longer be ignored.
Rachel’s story isn’t an anomaly. It’s a recurring narrative in my practice. Driven women are conditioned to push through discomfort, to minimize their suffering, to believe that resilience means enduring anything. When the symptoms of perimenopause and thyroid dysfunction collide, the instinct is often to work harder — to push through by sheer force of will. But you can’t outwork an autoimmune attack, and you can’t optimize your way out of a failing endocrine gland.
The clinical pattern I see is one of profound self-doubt, where women blame themselves for their inability to function — their perceived lack of control — rather than recognizing that their biology requires precise, targeted support. This self-blame only compounds the suffering, creating a vicious cycle of exhaustion, emotional distress, and a deep sense of failure that is entirely unwarranted. Perimenopause and burnout often look identical, and thyroid dysfunction adds another layer to that diagnostic complexity.
What a Full Thyroid Workup Actually Includes
The standard of care for thyroid testing is woefully inadequate for the complexity of midlife women’s bodies. Most primary care physicians, operating under outdated guidelines and constrained by insurance parameters, will run a single test: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). If the TSH falls within the broad “normal” reference range — typically 0.45 to 4.5 mIU/L — the investigation stops. You’re told your thyroid is fine, your symptoms are dismissed, and you’re left wondering if it’s all in your head.
“It has become clear that previously accepted reference ranges are no longer valid as a result of both the development of more highly sensitive TSH assays and the recognition that the upper limit of the reference range is skewed by the inclusion of persons with occult thyroid dysfunction.”
LEONARD WARTOFSKY, MD, Endocrinologist and Thyroid Researcher, Georgetown University Medical Center
This narrow approach misses critical nuances. A complete thyroid workup for any driven woman experiencing perimenopausal symptoms must include more than just TSH. It must encompass free T4, free T3, reverse T3, and both TPO (thyroid peroxidase) and Tg (thyroglobulin) antibodies.
Free T4 and free T3 measure the actual unbound, active hormones available to your cells — providing a much more accurate picture of what your body is actually utilizing. Reverse T3 can indicate whether your body is shunting thyroid hormone into an inactive form due to stress, inflammation, or illness — effectively creating a brake on your metabolism. The antibodies are critical for identifying autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s, which can be present and actively damaging the thyroid gland long before TSH becomes overtly abnormal.
The “normal” ranges for these tests are often too wide because they were established using populations that included people with undiagnosed thyroid disease. Optimal function exists within a much narrower window. Driven women deserve optimal, not merely average, health. Ignoring these crucial markers is like trying to diagnose a complex engine problem by only checking the oil light — it provides an incomplete and often misleading picture of the underlying issue.
If your current provider refuses to order a full panel, you have options. Many direct-to-consumer lab services allow you to order these tests independently. Or — more importantly — you can find a new provider who understands the importance of comprehensive diagnostics. You’re not obligated to accept a workup that doesn’t serve your actual health. Starting a conversation with someone who can help you navigate this is a reasonable next step.
Both/And: The Co-Occurrence of Perimenopause and Thyroid Disease
We must move away from the binary thinking that plagues so much of women’s healthcare. It’s rarely a question of perimenopause or thyroid disease. It’s frequently a reality of perimenopause and thyroid disease — a complex intertwining of two distinct yet interconnected physiological processes. Recognizing this both/and reality is the first step toward truly comprehensive and effective treatment.
Consider Maya, 48, a partner at a corporate law firm, known for her razor-sharp intellect and tireless work ethic. Her days are a relentless pursuit of excellence, but internally, she’s crumbling. She’s presenting with severe insomnia that leaves her staring at the ceiling for hours, her mind racing with legal briefs and client demands. Joint pain — a dull ache that permeates her knees and hips — makes every step an effort. Her mood is so brittle she feels she might shatter at the slightest provocation, leading to uncharacteristic outbursts at her family and colleagues. Her primary care doctor, after a cursory examination and a standard TSH that came back “normal,” diagnosed perimenopause and offered antidepressants. Her functional medicine doctor, focusing on her profound fatigue and inexplicable weight gain, diagnosed hypothyroidism and prescribed desiccated thyroid extract. Maya feels caught in a medical tug-of-war, receiving conflicting diagnoses and treatments that only partially address her complex constellation of symptoms.
The truth is that both doctors were partially right — and therefore both were entirely inadequate in their isolated approaches. Neither was seeing the full picture.
Maya was, in fact, in the throes of perimenopause, and the profound hormonal fluctuations were exacerbating an underlying, previously subclinical thyroid condition. She needed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to stabilize her estrogen and progesterone — alleviating the vasomotor symptoms, mood swings, and sleep disturbances directly attributable to perimenopause. And she needed precise thyroid medication to address the deficit in free T3 and to calm the autoimmune attack on her thyroid. Treating one without the other is like trying to fix a sinking boat by only bailing water from the bow while ignoring the gaping hole in the stern. Both systems are compromised. Both need treatment.
For the driven woman navigating this kind of complexity, working with a clinician who can hold both realities simultaneously isn’t a luxury — it’s a clinical necessity. Executive coaching alongside medical treatment can also help you manage the professional impacts of this season without burning yourself down in the process.
The Systemic Lens: Medical Gatekeeping and Patient Advocacy
The systemic failure to properly diagnose and treat the intersection of perimenopause and thyroid disease is a profound feminist issue — a reflection of historical biases and a lack of comprehensive understanding within the medical establishment. For too long, women’s health concerns, particularly those related to hormonal transitions, have been pathologized, dismissed, or attributed to psychological factors.
When a woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and mood changes, the medical system’s default setting is often dismissal. The symptoms are subjective, the standard labs are “normal,” and the patient is a middle-aged woman — a demographic too often relegated to the realm of psychosomatic complaints, told she is “just stressed” or “just getting older,” without deeper investigation into the biological underpinnings of her distress.
Normal labs are frequently used to gatekeep care, becoming a shield behind which providers can hide — absolving them of the responsibility to dig deeper. This creates a significant barrier to effective treatment, leaving women feeling invalidated, frustrated, and sicker, as their symptoms persist and worsen. This is why patient advocacy is not just a buzzword; it’s a survival skill, a necessary act of self-preservation in a system that often fails to see or hear women.
Driven women, accustomed to advocating for themselves and others in their professional lives, must learn to navigate this medical system with the same strategic rigor they apply to their careers. You must request your own lab records, understand the full scope of your results, and recognize the difference between “normal” and “optimal.” You must be willing to question, to push back, and to find doctors who dismiss your lived experience rather than engage in comprehensive diagnostic processes. The system won’t automatically protect you — you must actively demand the care your body requires.
This often means becoming your own primary investigator, gathering information, seeking out specialists who understand these complex interactions, and presenting a compelling case for your health. It’s an unfair burden. But it’s one that ambitious women often find themselves carrying — not just for themselves, but for the generations of women who will come after them. The grief that comes with this realization is real, and it deserves acknowledgment alongside the advocacy work.
How to Heal: The Path Forward
The path forward requires a rejection of the simplistic narratives that have failed you. Healing isn’t about finding a single magic pill — it’s about building a comprehensive, integrated strategy for your endocrine health, one that respects the interconnectedness of your body’s systems. It’s about moving from a reactive stance to a proactive, informed approach to your well-being.
Find a provider who understands the nuance. This often means seeking out a functional or integrative medicine physician, a naturopathic doctor, or an endocrinologist who is explicitly fluent in both menopause care and comprehensive thyroid assessment. These practitioners are trained to look at the body as a whole — considering how different systems interact and how lifestyle factors, nutrition, and stress impact hormonal balance. You need a clinician who treats the whole patient, not just isolated lab values, and who understands that “normal” doesn’t always mean “optimal.”
Demand complete labs. Don’t accept a TSH-only screening as a definitive answer. Insist on a full thyroid panel: free T4, free T3, reverse T3, TPO antibodies, and Tg antibodies. These tests provide a detailed and accurate picture of your thyroid function and can reveal subclinical issues or autoimmune activity that a TSH test alone would miss. The free hormones are particularly important — they represent the biologically active forms of thyroid hormone available to your cells. If your current provider refuses, find one who won’t.
Coordinate your care. If you’re pursuing hormone replacement therapy for perimenopause, your thyroid function must be monitored closely. Oral estrogen, in particular, can alter your need for thyroid medication by increasing TBG, potentially requiring adjustments to your thyroid hormone dosage. The two systems are intimately linked, and your treatment plan must reflect that reality. This means regular communication between your menopause specialist and your thyroid specialist — or ideally, finding a single practitioner who can manage both aspects of your care holistically.
Address the emotional and psychological dimensions. For many driven women, the experience of being dismissed, disbelieved, and left to suffer alone carries its own psychological weight. The shame of not being able to “push through,” the exhaustion of being your own advocate, the grief of lost vitality — these deserve direct attention. Trauma-informed therapy can be a powerful resource for processing the emotional impact of this kind of medical gaslighting. Bessel van der Kolk, MD, psychiatrist and trauma researcher and author of The Body Keeps the Score, has extensively documented how the body holds the stress of being chronically unheard — and how that stress compounds physical symptoms. Working with a therapist who understands the intersection of body, hormones, and emotional health can be genuinely transformative.
Support your body comprehensively. This might include dietary changes to reduce inflammation and support gut health — thyroid autoimmunity and gut health are intimately linked. Stress management practices like mindfulness or yoga directly support thyroid function. Targeted supplementation to address nutrient deficiencies (selenium, iodine, iron, vitamin D) can reduce the thyroid autoimmune burden. And appropriate medication for both perimenopause and thyroid dysfunction can be genuinely life-changing when it’s the right medication for the right diagnosis.
You don’t have to accept suffering as the default state of midlife. You have the power to reclaim your vitality and well-being by taking an active, informed role in your health. Join the community of driven women navigating this chapter with clarity and self-advocacy.
We are not meant to simply endure the menopausal transition. We’re meant to navigate it with clarity, support, and profound respect for the complexity of our own biology. The differential between perimenopause and thyroid disease is complex, but it’s not unsolvable. Demand the investigation. Demand the care. Your well-being — and your brilliance — depend on it.
PERIMENOPAUSE LIBRARY
This is one piece of a larger conversation. Browse Annie’s complete perimenopause library — 42 articles organized by symptom, identity, relationships, profession, and treatment.
Q: Which comes first — perimenopause or thyroid dysfunction?
A: There’s no single definitive timeline, and the relationship is often bidirectional. For some women, the profound hormonal shifts of perimenopause can unmask a subclinical thyroid issue that has been brewing for years, or trigger an autoimmune response like Hashimoto’s in those genetically predisposed. For others, an existing but undiagnosed thyroid condition makes the menopausal transition significantly more difficult, exacerbating symptoms and prolonging suffering. They frequently co-occur and exacerbate one another — which is why a comprehensive approach that considers both systems simultaneously is essential.
Q: What labs should I request for a full thyroid workup?
A: A comprehensive thyroid panel must include TSH, Free T4 (FT4), Free T3 (FT3), Reverse T3 (RT3), Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) antibodies, and Thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies. TSH alone is insufficient — it only tells you what the pituitary is signaling, not the actual amount of active thyroid hormone available to your cells, and it won’t detect autoimmune activity. The free hormones tell you what’s actually available at the cellular level; the antibodies are critical for detecting Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease.
Q: Why was I told my thyroid is fine when I feel terrible?
A: Standard “normal” reference ranges for TSH are very broad — historically established using populations that included people with undiagnosed thyroid disease, which effectively skewed the upper limits. You can have significant symptoms — profound fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, hair loss — long before your TSH falls outside this wide standard range. Optimal thyroid function, where you feel your best, typically exists within a much narrower range, often with TSH closer to 1.0–2.0 mIU/L. Many conventional doctors adhere strictly to broad ranges, leading to symptom dismissal when your lab technically reads “normal.”
Q: Can perimenopause trigger Hashimoto’s?
A: Perimenopause doesn’t directly cause Hashimoto’s, but the profound hormonal shifts — particularly the fluctuations in estrogen and the decline in progesterone — can significantly stress the immune and endocrine systems. This systemic stress can act as a trigger, unmasking or exacerbating an autoimmune response in women who are genetically predisposed. The immune system can become dysregulated during hormonal transitions, leading to an increased attack on the thyroid gland. Perimenopause can certainly be the catalyst for the onset or worsening of autoimmune thyroid disease.
Q: Do I need an endocrinologist?
A: Not necessarily. While some endocrinologists are excellent and take a holistic approach, many focus primarily on overt thyroid disease and rely solely on standard TSH testing. For a comprehensive approach that considers the interplay between perimenopause and thyroid health, a functional medicine physician, an integrative doctor, or a primary care provider who is deeply fluent in both thyroid health and menopause is often a better fit. These practitioners are typically more open to ordering a full thyroid panel and interpreting results within an optimal rather than just “normal” framework.
Q: Can my symptoms be both perimenopause and a thyroid issue?
A: Absolutely — and this is the both/and reality for a significant number of driven women. The symptoms overlap significantly, creating a complex clinical picture where it’s difficult to discern the primary cause of any given symptom. Furthermore, the hormonal changes of midlife directly impact thyroid function, meaning one condition can directly influence and exacerbate the other. It is highly common to need treatment for both simultaneously. A comprehensive treatment plan will address both the fluctuating sex hormones of perimenopause and any underlying thyroid imbalances to achieve true symptom resolution.
Related Reading
- Santoro, Nanette, et al. “Perimenopause: From Research to Practice.” Journal of Women’s Health 25, no. 4 (2016): 332–339. PMID: 26653408.
- Lega, Iliana C., et al. “Perimenopause.” The New England Journal of Medicine 390, no. 1 (2024): 61–71. PMID: 38170243.
- Biondi, Bernadette, et al. “The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction.” Endocrine Reviews 29, no. 1 (2008): 76–131. PMID: 17991805.
- Surks, Martin I., et al. “Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management.” JAMA 291, no. 2 (2004): 228–238. PMID: 14722277.
- Santin, A. P., and T. W. Furlanetto. “Role of Estrogen in Thyroid Function and Growth Regulation.” Journal of Thyroid Research (2011): Article ID 875125. PMID: 21991319.
- van der Kolk, Bessel A. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Viking, 2014.
- Haver, Mary Claire. The New Menopause: Navigating Your Path Through Hormonal Change with Purpose, Power, and Facts. Rodale Books, 2024.
WAYS TO WORK WITH ANNIE
Individual Therapy
Trauma-informed therapy for driven women healing relational trauma. Licensed in 9 states.
Executive Coaching
Trauma-informed coaching for ambitious women navigating leadership and burnout.
Fixing the Foundations
Annie’s signature course for relational trauma recovery. Work at your own pace.
Strong & Stable
The Sunday conversation you wished you’d had years earlier. 20,000+ subscribers.
Annie Wright, LMFT
LMFT · Relational Trauma Specialist · W.W. Norton Author
Helping ambitious women finally feel as good as their résumé looks.
Annie Wright is a licensed psychotherapist (LMFT #95719) and trauma-informed executive coach with over 15,000 clinical hours. She works with driven, ambitious women — including Silicon Valley leaders, physicians, and entrepreneurs — in repairing the psychological foundations beneath their impressive lives. Annie is the founder and former CEO of Evergreen Counseling, a multimillion-dollar trauma-informed therapy center she built, scaled, and successfully exited. A regular contributor to Psychology Today, her expert commentary has appeared in Forbes, Business Insider, Inc., NBC, and The Information. She is currently writing her first book with W.W. Norton.
