Narcissistic Abuse Recovery for Driven Women: What Healing Actually Requires

Narcissistic Abuse • May 04, 2026

The Unseen Burden: When External Success Masks Internal Turmoil

The scent of freshly brewed coffee filled the meticulously organized kitchen, a stark contrast to the chaos swirling within Meera. The morning light, usually a source of comfort, felt like an interrogation lamp, highlighting the faint shadows beneath her eyes.

Another sleepless night spent replaying conversations, dissecting veiled criticisms, and questioning her own sanity. Meera, a senior partner at a prestigious law firm, was accustomed to commanding courtrooms, negotiating multi-million dollar deals, and leading a team of sharp, ambitious associates.

Her life, on paper, was a testament to her formidable intellect and unwavering drive. Yet, in the quiet solitude of her home, a profound loneliness gnawed at her, a chilling echo of a relationship that had left her feeling hollowed out, confused, and utterly depleted.

She could dissect complex legal arguments with surgical precision, but she found herself paralyzed by the simplest personal decisions, her once-unshakeable confidence eroded by years of subtle manipulation and emotional invalidation. The world saw a woman who had it all; Meera felt like she had lost herself.

This visceral experience of internal dissonance is a common, yet often unspoken, reality for many driven, accomplished women navigating the aftermath of narcissistic abuse.

These are the women who can run the meeting, hold the family together, earn the money, and anticipate everyone’s needs, yet privately feel lonely, scared, ashamed, depleted, or confused.

Their external success, often a coping mechanism developed in response to early relational dynamics, inadvertently makes them targets for narcissistic individuals who exploit their empathy, competence, and deep-seated desire to fix or help.

This article will delve into the intricate and often bewildering landscape of narcissistic abuse recovery, specifically tailored for these impressive women, exploring what true healing requires beyond surface-level understanding and offering a roadmap to reclaim their authentic selves and build a life of genuine normalcy.

Defining the Landscape: Understanding Narcissistic Abuse

To embark on a journey of recovery, we must first clearly define the terrain of narcissistic abuse.

It is crucial to understand that narcissistic abuse is far more than merely a difficult relationship or a simple clash of personalities; it represents a pervasive and insidious pattern of emotional, psychological, and sometimes even physical manipulation and control.

This pattern is systematically exerted by an individual exhibiting narcissistic traits or, in more severe cases, Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), over another person.

At its core, narcissistic abuse is characterized by a profound lack of empathy on the part of the abuser, coupled with a grandiose sense of self-importance, an insatiable and constant need for admiration, and a disturbing tendency to exploit others for personal gain, often without any regard for their well-being.

Unlike more overt forms of abuse, such as physical violence, narcissistic abuse frequently operates in a subtle, covert, and insidious manner, making it incredibly difficult for the victim to identify, articulate, and consequently, to escape.

The very essence of this abuse is to systematically erode the victim’s sense of self, their perception of reality, and their fundamental autonomy.

This is achieved through a repertoire of manipulative tactics, including gaslighting (making the victim question their own sanity and perceptions), projection (attributing their own undesirable traits or actions to the victim), blame-shifting (refusing to take responsibility and blaming the victim for everything), constant criticism (chipping away at self-esteem), triangulation (pitting individuals against each other to maintain control), and intermittent reinforcement (alternating between periods of charm and abuse, creating confusion and dependency).

The ultimate goal of the narcissist, whether conscious or unconscious, is to maintain absolute power and control over their victim, leaving the individual feeling perpetually confused, isolated, dependent, and utterly depleted.

It is vital to distinguish this from a partner who is occasionally selfish or inconsiderate; narcissistic abuse is a deeply entrenched, systemic pattern of behavior specifically designed to diminish, control, and ultimately destroy another human being’s spirit and sense of self.

The Nervous System Under Siege: The Biological Imprint of Abuse

The impact of narcissistic abuse extends far beyond the psychological realm, deeply imprinting itself on the body and the nervous system. Our autonomic nervous system (ANS), designed for survival, is perpetually activated in a narcissistic relationship, trapped in chronic hypervigilance.

The constant uncertainty, unpredictable shifts between charm and cruelty, and gaslighting create profound relational unsafety. This chronic threat activation manifests as persistent anxiety, sleep disturbances, digestive issues, muscle tension, and a general feeling of being on edge.

The body, in its wisdom, remembers the trauma even when the mind struggles to articulate it—a phenomenon known as somatic memory. This constant threat detection leads to ANS dysregulation, making it difficult to return to calm and safety even after the abuse ends.

The fawn response, a survival strategy of appeasement, is particularly prevalent in narcissistic abuse dynamics, especially for those with insecure attachment. This response, often developed in childhood within family systems where emotional needs were unmet or conditional, becomes a deeply ingrained pattern, challenging boundary assertion and self-prioritization.

The nervous system, having learned that safety lies in appeasement, continues this pattern, contributing to feelings of shame and a distorted sense of identity.

The Driven Woman’s Unique Vulnerability: Why Success Doesn’t Immunize Against Abuse

It might seem counterintuitive that driven, ambitious, externally successful, competent, accomplished, or impressive women would fall prey to narcissistic abuse. These are individuals who navigate complex professional landscapes and lead with confidence.

However, these very qualities, often forged in response to early relational wounds or family systems demanding performance over authentic connection, can create unique vulnerabilities. Many driven women derive worth from external validation and achievement. They are often highly empathetic, responsible, and possess a deep desire to fix problems and help others.

These admirable traits are precisely what a narcissist exploits, drawn to their competence and resources as a source of narcissistic supply. The driven woman’s inherent sense of responsibility can lead her to shoulder the relationship’s dysfunction, believing that more effort, understanding, or effective communication can change the dynamic.

This often stems from early family systems where they were assigned roles like caretaker or peacemaker, often at the expense of their own needs. An internalized critic whispers that any relational failure is her fault, reinforcing self-blame and eroding self-trust.

Vignettes: Stories from the Front Lines of Recovery

The abstract concepts of narcissistic abuse and its impact become profoundly real through the lived experiences of those who have navigated its treacherous waters. These composite vignettes, while protecting confidentiality, illustrate the insidious nature of this abuse and the courage required for healing.

Yasmin’s Labyrinth: The Cost of Constant Questioning

Yasmin, a brilliant corporate attorney, found herself trapped in confusion and self-doubt after a decade-long marriage to a man with profound narcissistic traits. Outwardly, their life was enviable; internally, Yasmin was crumbling.

Her husband, Mark, was a master of gaslighting, subtly twisting reality with phrases like “You’re too sensitive” or “That never happened.” He praised her publicly but undermined her privately, eroding her confidence with backhanded compliments.

Accustomed to intellectual rigor, Yasmin exhausted herself trying to prove her reality in arguments that were about control, not truth. She began to second-guess every decision, unable to trust her own perception of simple domestic interactions. The profound cognitive dissonance—her external competence versus internal chaos—left her isolated and ashamed.

Her nervous system remained hyper-alert, bracing for the next attack, leading to chronic migraines and pervasive fatigue.

Soraya’s Silence: The Somatic Echo of Unmet NSoraya, a passionate leader of a non-profit, had always cared for others, a pattern stemming from her family of origin where she was the responsible peacemaker. This continued with her partner, David, whose subtle self-centeredness made every conversation, decision, and emotional need revolve around him. When Soraya expressed her feelings, David would dismiss them with phrases like “I don\’t understand why you\’re upset” or “You\’re overthinking it.” There were no dramatic fights, just a slow erosion of her self-worth and an increasing feeling of invisibility. Soraya, who could inspire crowds professionally, found herself unable to articulate her own desires personally. Her body began signaling distress: chronic back pain, persistent fatigue, and anxiety before conversations with David. This somatic echo of unmet needs and suppressed emotions led to profound burnout, leaving her questioning her worth. Her challenge was to recognize the pattern and reclaim her voice and needs authentically, despite years of conditioning.

The Clinical and Theoretical Underpinnings: A Deeper Dive into Healing

Understanding the clinical and theoretical frameworks that underpin narcissistic abuse and its recovery is crucial for driven women seeking to reclaim their lives. This is not about assigning blame, but about gaining clarity and developing a roadmap for genuine healing. We will draw upon the insights of leading researchers and clinicians, integrating key concepts from trauma literature to illuminate the path forward.

Key Researchers and Clinicians: Guiding Lights in the Labyrinth

Our understanding of trauma is advanced by pioneering researchers. Dr. Judith Herman, author of Trauma and Recovery, is foundational for Complex PTSD (C-PTSD). Her work highlights that prolonged, interpersonal trauma, like narcissistic abuse, leads to C-PTSD symptoms including emotional dysregulation, distorted self-perception, and relationship disturbances. [1]

Dr. Stephen Porges, developer of Polyvagal Theory, explains how our autonomic nervous system assesses safety. In abusive relationships, the nervous system becomes chronically dysregulated, leading to hypervigilance or shutdown. Understanding this theory is crucial for comprehending somatic symptoms and guiding nervous system regulation in healing. [2]

Dr. Bessel van der Kolk, author of The Body Keeps the Score, extensively researched trauma’s impact on the brain, mind, and body. He emphasizes trauma as a physiological event reshaping biology, advocating for somatic therapies. His insights explain why driven women often experience emotional and physiological distress after narcissistic abuse. [3]

Dr. Gabor Maté, physician and author, offers insights into trauma, addiction, and chronic illness. His work underscores how early relational wounds manifest in self-soothing behaviors and physical ailments, reinforcing the need for a holistic approach to healing from narcissistic abuse, addressing psychological, physiological, and spiritual dimensions.

Trauma Literature Integration: Weaving the Threads of Understanding

The experience of narcissistic abuse is deeply intertwined with various facets of trauma literature, offering a rich tapestry of understanding for those seeking recovery.

Complex PTSD (C-PTSD): The Lingering Shadow of Relational Trauma

Narcissistic abuse often results in Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD), a condition distinct from single-incident PTSD due to its prolonged and interpersonal nature. C-PTSD manifests with profound and pervasive changes in self-concept, emotional regulation, and interpersonal functioning.

Survivors frequently grapple with intense feelings of shame, a deeply distorted view of their abuser (often oscillating between idealization and devaluation), and an internalized belief that they are inherently flawed or responsible for the abuse.

The constant gaslighting, manipulation, and psychological warfare employed by narcissistic individuals systematically erode the victim’s sense of reality, making it incredibly difficult to trust their own perceptions, memories, and judgment. This erosion of self-trust is a hallmark of C-PTSD, leading to chronic self-doubt and an inability to discern safe from unsafe relationships.

The prolonged exposure to a coercive and controlling environment creates a state of learned helplessness, where the victim’s attempts to escape or resist are met with further punishment or invalidation, reinforcing the cycle of abuse.

Healing from C-PTSD in the context of narcissistic abuse requires not only processing the traumatic events but also rebuilding a coherent sense of self, re-establishing emotional regulation skills, and learning to form healthy, secure attachments.

It involves recognizing that the confusion, anxiety, and depression are not signs of personal failure but predictable, adaptive responses to an inherently pathological relational dynamic.

Attachment Theory: The Roots of Relational Vulnerability

Attachment theory provides a crucial framework for understanding vulnerability to narcissistic relationships and the subsequent challenges in recovery. Insecure attachment styles—anxious, avoidant, or disorganized—often stem from inconsistent, unresponsive, or traumatic early caregiving experiences. These early relational blueprints, formed within the family system, can inadvertently predispose individuals to narcissistic dynamics.

For instance, those with an anxious attachment style, characterized by a deep fear of abandonment and a strong need for closeness, may mistake a narcissist’s initial intensity and ‘love bombing’ for genuine connection, becoming enmeshed in the relationship in an attempt to earn love and security.

Conversely, individuals with an avoidant attachment style, who learned to suppress their needs and value independence, might be drawn to a narcissist’s apparent self-sufficiency, only to find their emotional distance mirrored and amplified.

The disorganized attachment style, often a result of frightening or unpredictable caregiving, creates a profound internal conflict, making survivors particularly vulnerable to the chaotic and contradictory nature of narcissistic abuse. Understanding these deeply ingrained patterns is not about assigning blame but about gaining profound self-awareness.

It is essential for breaking the cycle of attracting or tolerating unhealthy relational dynamics and for consciously moving towards building secure attachment with oneself and in future relationships.

This involves learning to self-soothe, developing a coherent narrative of one’s past, and actively seeking out relationships characterized by mutual respect, empathy, and consistent emotional availability.

Family Systems Theory: The Echoes of the Past

Family systems theory provides a powerful lens through which to understand the intergenerational patterns that can contribute to vulnerability to narcissistic abuse. This framework posits that individuals are inextricably shaped by their family unit, and that patterns of interaction, roles, and communication styles are often passed down through generations.

In narcissistic family systems, children are frequently assigned rigid roles, such as the “golden child” (who receives conditional praise for fulfilling the narcissist’s needs) or the “scapegoat” (who is blamed for the family’s dysfunction).

Driven women, often having grown up in environments where their emotional needs were secondary to the family’s image or the needs of a narcissistic parent, may internalize beliefs that their worth is contingent upon their performance, their ability to caretake others, or their capacity to maintain harmony at all costs.

These deeply ingrained schemas can lead them to unconsciously seek out or tolerate similar dynamics in adult romantic or professional relationships, recreating the very patterns they experienced in childhood.

Recognizing these family-of-origin patterns—the unspoken rules, the emotional cut-offs, the triangulation, and the lack of authentic connection—is not about blaming one’s parents, but about gaining crucial insight into the roots of one’s relational patterns.

This awareness is a vital step in untangling oneself from the web of narcissistic abuse, allowing for the conscious creation of new, healthier relational blueprints and the breaking of intergenerational cycles of dysfunction.

Betrayal Trauma: The Deepest Wound

Betrayal trauma, a concept extensively researched by Dr. Jennifer Freyd, occurs when individuals who are in a position of trust—such as partners, family members, or close colleagues—violate that trust in a profound and often repeated manner.

This is exceptionally relevant to narcissistic abuse, where the abuse is perpetrated by someone who was initially perceived as a source of love, safety, and support. The narcissistic individual, through their manipulative tactics, systematically exploits the victim’s inherent trust, leading to a deep and insidious form of betrayal.

This betrayal shatters fundamental assumptions about relationships, safety, and the world itself, leading to profound disorientation, a loss of faith in one’s own judgment, and an intense fear of vulnerability.

For driven women, who often invest heavily in their relationships and have a strong sense of loyalty, this realization can be particularly devastating, challenging core beliefs about fairness, reciprocity, and the nature of love.

The cognitive dissonance created by the betrayal—the struggle to reconcile the image of the trusted person with their abusive actions—can be incredibly disorienting and contribute significantly to the development of C-PTSD.

Healing from betrayal trauma involves acknowledging the profound wound, processing the anger and grief associated with the violation of trust, and carefully rebuilding the capacity for discernment and healthy trust in future relationships.

Somatic and Nervous-System Framing: The Body’s Wisdom

The impact of narcissistic abuse is profoundly somatic, meaning it is deeply imprinted not just on the mind but within the very fabric of the body and its nervous system.

As discussed earlier with Polyvagal Theory, chronic exposure to the unpredictable and threatening environment of narcissistic abuse keeps the autonomic nervous system in a perpetual state of dysregulation—oscillating between hyperarousal (fight/flight) and hypoarousal (freeze/fawn).

This sustained activation leads to a phenomenon known as somatic memory, where the body literally ‘keeps the score’ of the trauma, manifesting as chronic pain, fatigue, digestive issues, anxiety, and a pervasive sense of unease. Healing, therefore, cannot be purely cognitive; it must involve a somatic component.

This requires learning to tune into the subtle signals of the body, understanding its language of distress and safety, and developing practices to actively regulate the nervous system. Somatic therapies, such as Somatic Experiencing (SE), Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, and Trauma-Sensitive Yoga, are invaluable in this process.

These modalities help survivors gently discharge stored traumatic energy, complete defensive responses that were inhibited during the abuse, and gradually expand their window of tolerance for difficult emotions and sensations.

By reconnecting with the body in a safe and compassionate way, driven women can begin to release the physiological residue of the abuse, fostering a renewed sense of internal safety, embodiment, and self-trust. This integration of mind and body is fundamental to moving beyond survival and into a state of thriving.

Both/And: Holding Contradictions in Healing

The journey of recovery from narcissistic abuse is rarely linear or straightforward; instead, it is a path fraught with paradoxes and contradictions. True healing requires the capacity to hold multiple, seemingly opposing truths simultaneously—a crucial cognitive and emotional shift that forms the essence of the “Both/And” perspective. This nuanced approach allows for greater compassion, self-acceptance, and resilience throughout the healing process.

For instance, a survivor must learn to both acknowledge the profound and devastating harm inflicted by the abuse and recognize their own inherent agency and capacity for self-protection and recovery.

It is possible to feel both intense anger at the injustice and betrayal and deep grief for the losses incurred—the lost time, the shattered dreams, the idealized version of the relationship, and the former self.

Healing also demands the ability to both seek to understand the psychological mechanisms and potential origins of the abuser’s behavior (without excusing it) and simultaneously hold them fully accountable for their actions and the damage they caused.

Furthermore, a driven woman in recovery must learn to both recognize her own vulnerabilities and the patterns that may have made her susceptible to such abuse and fiercely protect her newly established boundaries with unwavering resolve.

This is not about choosing one extreme over another, but about integrating these seemingly contradictory realities into a more comprehensive and compassionate understanding of oneself and the healing journey. Embracing this “Both/And” perspective is profoundly liberating.

It frees survivors from the rigid, black-and-white thinking often imposed by the abuser, allowing them to navigate the complexities of healing with greater wisdom, self-compassion, and resilience.

It enables them to integrate their past experiences into a more authentic, empowered, and whole sense of self, recognizing that strength often emerges from vulnerability, and clarity from confusion.

The Systemic Lens: Beyond Individual Blame

While narcissistic abuse is profoundly personal in its impact, it is equally crucial to examine it through a systemic lens. This perspective recognizes that individual dynamics are not isolated but are deeply interwoven with broader societal, cultural, and gendered expectations. For driven, accomplished women, these systemic factors can inadvertently create a fertile ground for narcissistic abuse and, critically, make the journey of recovery particularly challenging.

Societal narratives, deeply ingrained and often subtle, frequently idealize self-sacrifice, nurturing, and emotional labor from women. This cultural conditioning can make it incredibly difficult for driven women to resist the manipulative tactics of a narcissist, who often exploits these very traits.

The pervasive pressure to maintain harmony, to be the ‘good girl’ or the ‘peacemaker,’ can lead these women to minimize their own pain, rationalize abusive behaviors, and remain in destructive relationships far longer than is healthy.

Furthermore, the cultural glorification of traits like ambition, success, and outward achievement can, paradoxically, blur the lines between healthy drive and pathological grandiosity, making it harder to identify narcissistic tendencies in partners or colleagues who are also outwardly successful.

The systemic devaluation of emotional labor, which is disproportionately borne by women in both personal and professional spheres, also plays a significant role. Driven women are often expected to anticipate and manage the emotions of others, to smooth over conflicts, and to prioritize collective well-being over their own.

When they attempt to assert healthy boundaries or prioritize their own needs, they are frequently met with accusations of selfishness, coldness, or being ‘too emotional’—responses that mirror the gaslighting tactics of a narcissist. Understanding these deep-seated systemic pressures provides a comprehensive and compassionate framework for empowering driven women.

It allows them to challenge ingrained narratives, dismantle internalized misogyny, and recognize that their struggles are not solely individual failures but are often exacerbated by the very structures and expectations of the world around them.

This awareness is vital for fostering self-compassion and building a recovery path that is truly liberating and sustainable.

The Healing Map: A Practical Path to Normalcy

Healing from narcissistic abuse is not a passive process; it is an active, courageous journey that requires intentional effort and a structured approach. This practical healing map outlines key stages and strategies for driven women to reclaim their sense of self, regulate their nervous system, and build a life rooted in authenticity and well-being.

1. Recognition: Naming the Unseen

The first step is recognition: accurately identifying narcissistic abuse patterns and validating one’s experience. This means moving beyond self-blame, understanding that confusion and distress are predictable responses to manipulation. Psychoeducation on narcissistic traits, gaslighting, and coercive control helps name the previously unnamed, bringing relief as the puzzle pieces fit. Acknowledging betrayal trauma is also crucial.

2. Regulation: Calming the Storm Within

After recognition, regulation focuses on calming the dysregulated nervous system and establishing internal safety. Chronic stress leaves the body hypervigilant. This stage involves practices like mindful breathing, somatic exercises, and grounding techniques to downregulate the nervous system. Reconnecting with the body through yoga, meditation, and nature helps increase capacity for calm and resilience. Polyvagal Theory insights guide survivors to identify nervous system states and promote ventral vagal activation.

3. Reckoning: Processing Grief and Reclaiming Truth

Reckoning involves processing grief, anger, and betrayal, challenging internalized narratives, and dismantling distorted beliefs. It’s a time to mourn lost relationships and suppressed parts of self, a painful but necessary process often facilitated by trauma-informed therapy. Reclaiming one’s truth and rewriting the narrative from empowerment, through journaling, creative expression, or EMDR, is key.

4. Rebuilding: Cultivating Self-Trust and Secure Connections

With a regulated nervous system and clearer understanding, rebuilding focuses on reclaiming identity, establishing healthy boundaries, cultivating self-trust, and fostering secure relationships. This involves consciously building a life aligned with authentic values, including: Boundary Setting (identifying and enforcing personal limits), Self-Compassion (kindness and understanding towards oneself), Re-parenting the Inner Child (addressing unmet needs), and Cultivating Secure Relationships (seeking mutual respect and genuine connection).

5. Integration: Moving Forward with Wisdom

The final stage, integration, is an ongoing process of weaving past experiences into a resilient self. It’s about moving forward with wisdom, recognizing trauma’s lessons, and embracing newfound strength, clarity, and self-worth to inform future choices. Integration transforms the past into a source of resilience and compassion, leading to an authentic, empowered, and deeply connected self.

A Warm Communal Close: You Are Not Alone

If you are a driven woman grappling with the aftermath of narcissistic abuse, please know this: you are not alone. Your experience is valid, your pain is real, and your capacity for healing is immense. The journey of recovery is a testament to your profound strength and resilience.

It is a path that requires courage, unwavering self-compassion, and a willingness to lean into authentic support.

As you reclaim your narrative, diligently regulate your nervous system, and meticulously rebuild a life aligned with your deepest values, you are not just healing yourself; you are actively breaking cycles, forging new pathways, and inspiring countless others. This is not about toxic positivity or pretending the pain didn’t exist.

It is about acknowledging the wound with unflinching honesty, tending to it with fierce love and dedication, and emerging not unscathed, but profoundly transformed and empowered. Your journey is a powerful testament to the human spirit’s extraordinary capacity for renewal and growth.

Embrace it, honor it, and know that a vibrant community of understanding, empathy, and support stands unequivocally with you, every step of the way.

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Related Reading and Research

• [1] Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books. (While not a PubMed citation, this is a foundational text for C-PTSD and widely cited in clinical literature. For PubMed-indexed research on C-PTSD, see below.)
• For C-PTSD: Xiao Z, Baldwin MM, Meinck F, Obsuth I, Murray AL. The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on mental health outcomes in adulthood: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic reviews*. 2021. PMID: 34384485. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384485/
• [2] Porges, S. W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company. (Similar to Herman, a foundational text. For PubMed-indexed research on Polyvagal Theory and nervous system regulation, see below.)
• For Nervous System Regulation/Child Maltreatment & ANS: Wesarg C, Van den Akker AL, Oei NYL, Wiers RW, Staaks J, Thayer JF. Childhood adversity and vagal regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews*. 2022. PMID: 36272580. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104920. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36272580/
• [3] van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking. (Another foundational text. For PubMed-indexed research on somatic trauma, see below.)
• For Childhood Maltreatment & ANS: Reijman S, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Hiraoka R, Crouch JL, Milner JS, Alink LRA. Baseline Functioning and Stress Reactivity in Maltreating Parents and At-Risk Adults: Review and Meta-Analyses of Autonomic Nervous System Studies. Child maltreatment*. 2016. PMID: 27462035. DOI: 10.1177/1077559516659937. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462035/
• [4] Vignando M, Bizumic B. Parental Narcissism Leads to Anxiety and Depression in Children via Scapegoating. The Journal of psychology. 2023. PMID: 36595560. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2148088. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36595560/

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