Paper Wealth Anxiety: Why Being Rich on Paper Doesn’t Feel Like Being Safe

MONEY AND TRAUMA • July 28, 2026

The Number on the Slide and the Balance in the Account

It’s 8:52 on a Thursday night and Meredith is sitting in her car on the third level of the office parking structure with the engine off, because the stairwell light is motion activated and she doesn’t want it to come on. Meredith is 44, a principal engineer at an AI infrastructure company that raised at a valuation she watched get announced on a stage two months ago. Her phone is in her lap, showing two things. A photo she took of the equity slide from the all hands, with her share count, the current preferred price, and a product of the two that has a comma in a place she still isn’t used to. And her banking app, where the checking balance is $2,340 and the property tax installment is due on the tenth.

She isn’t crying. She reports that detail to me later with clinical detachment, as though describing someone else’s readout. She’s sitting very still, hands at the bottom of the steering wheel, jaw tight in the way it gets around 4 p.m. most days, and she notices she’s doing the math again. Not the tax math. The other math. Vest date minus today. Cliff minus today. Lockup, if there ever is one, minus today.

Here’s the detail she keeps returning to in my office. On the drive home she passed the grocery store and didn’t stop, because stopping meant deciding about the twelve dollar cheese, which meant holding both numbers in her head at once. A woman with a seven figure equity position drove past a grocery store to avoid a small decision. That isn’t irrationality. That’s a nervous system rationing what’s left.

If you’re reading this, you probably know the texture of that parking structure. Someone congratulates you on a valuation, you say thank you, and your stomach drops, because the number isn’t one you can spend, promise, or count on. Then there’s the other conversation, at 2:40 in the morning, where you try to decide whether you’re wealthy or precarious and can’t get the question to land on either side.

The problem isn’t the size of the number. It’s that the number hasn’t settled, and your body has no category for wealth that hasn’t settled. It has one for resources it can reach and one for threats it can’t resolve, and unvested, locked up, concentrated equity reads as both at once.

A note on scope. This article is about the psychology of the waiting. It isn’t financial, tax, legal, or investment advice, and nothing here tells you what to do with your shares, your taxes, or your concentration risk. Those questions belong to a fiduciary advisor and a tax professional who know your documents. What I can help with is the part that lives in your body, your sleep, your relationships, and the way you talk to yourself about safety.

What Paper Wealth Actually Is, and Why It Isn’t Money Yet

Let’s be precise, because precision is regulating. Paper wealth isn’t a feeling. It’s a set of structural facts that produce a predictable psychological state.

Four features do most of the psychological work here, and naming them separately helps, because clients tend to collapse them into one undifferentiated dread.

Unvested. The shares are promised on a schedule that depends on your continued presence, which means the promise is also a leash, and part of you knows that. Sitting through a bad quarter or a bad reorganization stops being a choice about work and becomes a calculation about forfeiture.

Locked up or restricted. Even after a company goes public, insiders and early holders typically can’t sell right away. Lockup agreements commonly restrict insider sales for a window after an offering, most often around 180 days, with terms disclosed in the company’s registration documents (the SEC’s investor education explainer on lockup agreements). Whether any of that applies to you is a question for your own counsel. Psychologically, what matters is the shape: a date exists, you didn’t set it, and until it passes the number is scenery.

Marked, not traded. In a private company, the price on your slide comes from a financing round or an internal valuation exercise. It’s a considered figure, and it can be revised. You’re being asked to feel secure on the basis of an estimate you can’t verify and didn’t produce.

Concentrated. Your equity, your salary, your health insurance, your professional identity, and often your social circle attach to one entity. When people call diversification a financial matter, they’re understating it. For you it’s emotional too, because everything you’d normally lean on in a hard year is made of the same material as the hard year.

Put those four together and you get something more specific than anxiety about money. You get an ambiguous status. You’re not the woman who’s arrived, you’re not the woman still climbing, and there’s no word for what you actually are. The proverbial House of Life™ has a deed with your name on it, a foundation nobody has been allowed to inspect, and a closing date that keeps moving. You live in it anyway. You just never fully unpack.

Why Your Body Treats an Unsettled Number as a Threat

Clients assume they’re anxious because the outcome might be bad. That isn’t quite what the research on stress physiology says. The evidence points to the not knowing being the stressor.

In an experiment where people learned a probabilistic relationship between images and mild shocks, subjective stress, pupil diameter, and skin conductance tracked the irreducible uncertainty rather than the pain itself, which the authors of this Nature Communications study on computations of uncertainty (PMID: 27020312) read as evidence that stress responses are tuned to how unpredictable the environment is. That was a laboratory task with shocks, not a study of equity compensation, and I’ll be honest about the gap. What transfers isn’t the content. It’s the mechanism: the alarm calibrates to unpredictability.

A broader account from Achim Peters, MD, of the University of Luebeck, Bruce McEwen, PhD, the Rockefeller University neuroendocrinologist who developed the concept of allostatic load, and Karl Friston, MD, FRS, of University College London, places uncertainty at the center of what we mean by stress, and argues that when the brain repeatedly fails to reduce uncertainty, the sustained energetic cost shows up as allostatic load (their review in Progress in Neurobiology, PMID: 28576664). That’s a synthesis rather than a trial, so hold it as a framework. It names something my clients describe constantly, though, which is that the waiting is metabolically expensive. They aren’t imagining the fatigue.

Daniel Grupe, PhD, and Jack Nitschke, PhD, of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, put the functional problem plainly in their Nature Reviews Neuroscience framework on uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety (PMID: 23783199): uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts your ability to avoid it or soften it, and anxiety is what that disruption feels like. Read that with a vesting schedule in mind. You can’t hedge a position you can’t sell, and you can’t insure against a repricing you won’t see coming. The one move your nervous system most wants to make, take protective action now, is structurally unavailable. So it does the only thing left, which is stay on.

Clinically, this is sustained anticipatory threat under conditions of low controllability. On a Tuesday at 2:47 in the afternoon, it looks like reading the same internal memo about headcount four times, feeling your heart rate lift, and then opening your equity portal to look at a vesting schedule you’ve already memorized, because looking is the only action available and taking no action feels unbearable.

Rich by One Measure, Unprotected by Another

The most clarifying research I bring into sessions here has nothing to do with trauma and everything to do with what makes people feel financially safe. In a field study pairing life satisfaction responses with actual bank records for 585 U.K. customers, higher liquid wealth, meaning the balance in checking and savings, predicted more positive perceptions of financial wellbeing, which in turn predicted higher life satisfaction, and the pattern held after accounting for investments, spending, indebtedness, and demographics (Ruberton, Gladstone, and Lyubomirsky’s study on cash on hand and life satisfaction, PMID: 27064287).

Sit with what that means. This is correlational research in a general population, not a study of founders or early employees, and it can’t tell us about causation. Even so, it lands on the seam you’re standing on: the money people can reach relates to how secure they feel in a way total holdings don’t capture. Your equity isn’t cash on hand. So feeling unprotected while holding a large position isn’t a distortion. It’s an ordinary human response to thin accessible resources.

A second body of evidence matters, because clients insist their fear is disproportionate. A meta-analysis of 20 prospective cohort studies found perceived job insecurity carried a risk of later depressive symptoms comparable to, and modestly higher than, actual unemployment, with an odds ratio of 1.29 against 1.19 (Kim and von dem Knesebeck in the International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, PMID: 26715495). Those are modest effects from observational studies about employment, not equity, and I won’t stretch them further. What they establish is a direction: anticipating a loss you can’t prevent isn’t a lesser stressor than the loss. Sometimes it’s heavier.

So when you tell me you know you sound ridiculous, that you’re worth more than your parents ever were and scared all the time, I don’t hear a woman who has lost perspective. I hear thin accessible resources, concentrated exposure, limited control, and a timeline set by other people. Those are conditions. The fear is what conditions produce.

The older material usually surfaces here too. If you grew up with an unstable financial floor, the ambiguity doesn’t register as inconvenient, it registers as familiar, and I’ve written about how those patterns get installed in childhood money scripts. A woman whose childhood taught her that comfort is provisional experiences unvested equity as a re-enactment, not a novel situation.

A Status That Won’t Resolve, and What Ambiguous Loss Does and Doesn’t Explain

I want to use a concept carefully here, because it gets thrown around loosely and deserves better.

Now the caveat, because accuracy matters more than a satisfying metaphor. Ambiguous loss was developed to describe losses of people. A partner with dementia who is present and gone at once. A family member who disappeared and was never found. Paper wealth isn’t that, and I won’t tell you your vesting schedule is a bereavement. For the concept used in the context it was built for, see ambiguous grief in driven women.

What I borrow, and only this, is the structural insight. Boss identified a category of situation where the absence of resolution is the injury, and showed that pushing for closure there compounds the harm. That fits the waiting period exactly. Your status won’t resolve on demand, can’t be verified, and doesn’t respond to effort. So the standard driven woman playbook, work harder until the problem yields, isn’t just ineffective. It’s the wrong instrument, and using it costs you sleep.

Ximena is 41, a Latina VP of product at a fintech company that has been eighteen months from a public offering for three consecutive years. She came to me because she’d started declining invitations. Her sister’s fortieth in Mexico City, a friend’s wedding, a keynote. None of the declines were about money in the way she’d assumed. Each asked her to commit across a timeline she couldn’t promise anything inside of. She described sitting on the edge of her bed at 6:15 in the morning with the invitation open on her laptop, chest tightening, thinking, I don’t know who I’ll be financially in October, so how can I say yes to October.

Once we slowed it down, the mechanism was plain. Any decision reaching past the next possible liquidity milestone triggered the same threat response, so she’d shrunk her life to the length of the interval she felt certain about, and that interval had contracted to about three weeks. Here’s the reframe I offered her, and she wept when she heard it. This isn’t caution. This is a woman living in three week increments for three years because nobody told her she was allowed to make plans inside an unresolved question. The question was never going to close on her schedule. Her life closed instead.

What the Waiting Does to Sleep, Attention, and Judgment

The mind hates an open loop. Faced with a question it can’t answer, it runs the question again. And again. That has a name in the research literature and a mapped physiological cost.

Jos Brosschot, PhD, and Julian Thayer, PhD, working with William Gerin, PhD, made the case in their review of the perseverative cognition hypothesis in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research (PMID: 16439263) that worry and rumination prolong stress related physiological activation both before and after the event, which is why anticipation without resolution can be more corrosive than a discrete crisis. The review framed itself as preliminary and I hold it that way. But the pattern is one I hear every week: the meeting ended, the memo was read, the round closed, and your body stayed switched on for eleven more days.

The sleep piece has been tested more directly. A meta-analysis using structural equation modeling across eight longitudinal studies and 3,733 people found that perseverative cognition mediated the path from perceived stress to later sleep disturbance, and the mediation held after adjusting for baseline sleep (Zagaria and colleagues in Annals of Behavioral Medicine, PMID: 36409327). Eight studies is a small evidence base and mediation isn’t proof of mechanism in any individual case. Still, it explains something clients find disorienting: you aren’t lying awake because you’re anxious in general. You’re lying awake solving, at 3:10 in the morning, a problem with no solution available to you, and the solving is what’s keeping you up.

Then the second order effects arrive. Compressed sleep, background computation running all day, and a threat system that never fully stands down produce what you’d expect: a woman who’s sharp in the meeting and can’t decide what to eat afterward. I’ve written about that depletion in the cognitive overload of being your own CFO, and about the compounding professional cost of the vigilance itself in leadership hypervigilance.

Meredith, from the parking structure, put it this way four sessions in. I used to think I was waiting for the money. I think I’ve been waiting for permission to stop calculating. That’s the sentence I’d underline for you if I could give you one.

Both/And: You Can Be Genuinely Fortunate and Genuinely Unsettled

Almost every woman I see about this arrives having already prosecuted herself. She’s built the case, argued both sides, and returned a guilty verdict before the first session ends. The charge is usually ingratitude.

So let’s hold two things at once, which is what Both/And thinking requires.

It’s true that you’re in a position most people will never occupy. The equity exists, the upside is real, and the optionality it may eventually purchase, the ability to leave a job you hate or pay for a parent’s care, is worth wanting. Nothing here asks you to pretend otherwise, and I’d be doing you a disservice if I helped you build an identity around being the unluckiest millionaire in the room.

And this is also true. Your conditions include low accessible resources, high concentration, limited control, and an unset timeline, and those conditions produce measurable strain in human beings regardless of what the spreadsheet says. Both facts are load bearing. Neither cancels the other.

This matters clinically, not just rhetorically, because the guilt is doing something specific. It’s blocking care. A woman who has decided her distress is illegitimate won’t mention the insomnia to her doctor, won’t tell her partner she’s frightened, and won’t call a therapist, because she disqualified herself in advance. So the ambiguity runs unaddressed for another eighteen months. I’ve written about that silencing in the money shame driven women don’t talk about.

Here’s the absolution beat, and I mean it exactly as written. If you’re reading this having already tried to talk yourself out of how you feel, using logic that’s genuinely sound, and you still feel it: you haven’t failed at gratitude and you haven’t failed at resilience. You’ve been trying to reason your way out of a physiological state that isn’t held in place by reasoning. It’s held in place by unresolved uncertainty about resources you can’t reach. That’s not a character defect. That’s a set of conditions, and conditions are something we can actually work with.

The Systemic Lens: Illiquidity Is a Retention Strategy, Not a Personal Failing

Nothing here is a claim about your employer’s intentions. It’s a description of how the structures you’re inside of are designed to behave.

Deferred, contingent equity is an effective retention instrument. That isn’t a conspiracy, it’s the stated purpose. Vesting schedules, cliffs, refresh grants, and lockups exist partly to align you with long horizons and partly to make leaving expensive. The rarely discussed consequence is that a meaningful portion of your compensation functions as a reason not to go. When you calculate the cost of quitting a job that’s harming you and the calculation keeps favoring staying, that’s the mechanism working as intended. I’ve written about how that trap operates for women in another industry entirely in the golden handcuffs and why driven women in finance can’t leave even when they want to, and about the specific injury of watching your ownership shrink in equity dilution as a relational wound.

Layer on the informational asymmetry. You make life decisions using a valuation you can’t verify, a timeline you aren’t told, and documents complex enough that reading them carefully means paying someone. Meanwhile the culture offers two roles, grateful winner and ingrate, and no vocabulary for the woman who is neither.

The gendered layer isn’t incidental. Women are socialized to defer, to avoid appearing acquisitive, to worry that a direct question about their own compensation reads as disloyalty. In my sessions with driven women I hear this constantly: she has never asked, in writing, whether a tender offer is planned or how her grant would be treated in an acquisition, because asking felt greedy. Her male peer asked in his second week and got a straight answer. She then reads her own lack of information as a deficiency in financial sophistication rather than the predictable result of a norm she was taught to obey.

In the body, that arrives as the flush up her neck when a colleague mentions the secondary market casually, the instruction to look unbothered, the way her voice goes slightly higher when she says, oh, I haven’t really looked into it. She isn’t underinformed because she’s careless. She’s underinformed because asking was made costly, and then she was handed the bill for the silence.

Naming this doesn’t remove your agency. You can still ask, still hire your own advisor, still read your own documents. But you deserve to do that without also carrying the belief that the confusion was your fault.

In My Clinical Experience: What Changes While the Number Stays Open

Clients arrive hoping I’ll tell them the anxiety ends when the money lands. I won’t, because that isn’t what I observe, and because a false endpoint just installs one more date to count down to.

What I see is this. The liquidity event changes the category of problem and doesn’t, by itself, deliver the felt safety people expect. I’ve laid out that whole terrain in my complete guide to sudden wealth syndrome. What matters now, during the waiting, is that the work you do in this period isn’t preparation for the real work. It is the real work.

Nadine is 47, a Black co-founder whose company went public fourteen months ago. She came to me during her lockup and stayed after it ended, which is how I got to watch the seam up close. Beforehand she’d described a fantasy in detail: a Saturday morning, coffee, a spreadsheet, the moment she’d finally exhale. What happened on the Saturday after her first trading window opened was that she sat at her kitchen table at 7:40 in the morning with the coffee going cold and felt nothing. Not relief, not triumph. A flat, ringing quiet, and underneath it a new question, which was, so what was all that vigilance for.

Her body had spent six years running an alarm calibrated to an unresolved question, and when the question resolved, the alarm had no shutoff procedure, because nobody had installed one. What she’d needed wasn’t resolution. It was the capacity to stay regulated in the presence of an open question, and that gets built through practice, not outcomes. Your nervous system doesn’t learn safety from information. It learns safety from repeated experience of being okay in the same room as uncertainty.

Two other patterns I see reliably during the waiting period.

Relationships get quietly rationed, and usually not out of the transactional paranoia the popular writing focuses on. It’s simpler. Explaining your situation takes fifteen minutes, sounds like bragging for the first eight and complaining for the last seven, so you stop explaining and start withdrawing.

Identity gets postponed. Women in the waiting period stop describing themselves in the present tense. If it goes well I’ll do X. When this closes I’ll finally Y. Meanwhile the years she might have done X in get spent as a holding pattern.

How to Hold the Waiting Without Losing Yourself

None of what follows is financial, tax, or legal advice, and none of it depends on your number resolving. These are the moves I make with clients, in roughly this order.

Say the accurate sentence out loud. Not I’m rich, not I’m broke. Closer to: my financial status is unsettled, my accessible resources are thin, my exposure is concentrated, and I don’t control the timeline. Clients often report an immediate drop in agitation from this alone. Your nervous system was already tracking all four facts. Naming them stops the extra labor of pretending one isn’t true.

Separate the plannable from the unresolvable, then work only the plannable. You can’t resolve the valuation, the timeline, or the outcome. You can, with a fiduciary advisor and a tax professional who have read your actual documents, get clear on what your grant says and what your household needs in cash for the next twelve months regardless of what the shares do. The point isn’t optimization. It’s returning some controllability to a situation that has almost none, and controllability is exactly what your threat system is starved of.

Build a cash floor before you build a plan for the upside. Accessible money relates to felt financial security in a way that holdings don’t. Whatever the right number is for you, and that’s a question for your advisor, the psychological function of that floor is enormous, and it’s available now, at your current salary, without anything vesting.

Put the information on a schedule. Choose a cadence for looking at anything valuation adjacent, ideally with someone else in the room, and hold it. The looking isn’t research. It’s an attempt to close a loop that won’t close, so each look renews the activation.

Treat sleep as the intervention it is. Given what the mediation research suggests about the path from stress through repetitive thinking into sleep disturbance, protecting sleep isn’t self care garnish. It’s load bearing. Practically: the equity portal doesn’t get opened after 8 p.m., and the 3 a.m. calculating gets a container, meaning you write the question down and hand it to your advisor or therapist in daylight instead of solving it alone in the dark.

Get body based support, not just insight. Because this state lives in physiology, understanding it isn’t sufficient. In a network meta-analysis of 98 randomized controlled trials with 5,567 adults, several trauma focused psychotherapies including EMDR reduced post-traumatic stress symptoms, with EMDR showing the largest effect at short term follow-up (Yunitri and colleagues in Psychological Medicine, PMID: 36628572). Two caveats: that evidence concerns diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder, which paper wealth anxiety is not, and certainty of evidence ranged from very low to high. From clinical experience I’d say something narrower. EMDR and somatic work shift the body held charge of older financial instability that current ambiguity reactivates, and we stabilize first, because processing during acute crisis destabilizes a woman further. If you’re weighing modalities, I compare them in somatic experiencing versus EMDR and how to choose.

Make one non-contingent commitment. One thing on the calendar that doesn’t depend on the outcome. The trip, the training, the standing dinner. Ximena booked her sister’s birthday in Mexico City before her third session ended, and told me afterward that the terrifying part wasn’t the cost. It was discovering she was allowed to have an October.

If the pattern underneath all of this is a foundation that was never poured properly, meaning a childhood in which safety was provisional, that’s the level my signature course Fixing the Foundations™ works on. If you’d rather do this with a person, you can read about working one-on-one with me.

Who I Am and Why I Know This

I’m Annie Wright, LMFT, an EMDR-certified licensed psychotherapist and relational trauma specialist. I’ve been in practice since 2013 and have spent over 15,000 clinical hours with ambitious and driven women, many of whom sit exactly where this article describes: a large number on a slide, a thin balance in checking, and no date they can rely on.

I use EMDR, psychodynamic, and somatic modalities, because the psychodynamic work explains where the fear learned its shape, the EMDR work discharges what the body still holds, and the somatic work gives a woman something to do at 3 a.m. besides calculate. Paper wealth shows why all three are needed. The situation is genuinely uncertain, so the anxiety isn’t a distortion to correct. But the intensity is almost always older than the vesting schedule, and that part is workable.

I also built, scaled, and exited a trauma-informed therapy practice, so I’ve held a business whose value on paper had very little to do with what was in my account on any given Tuesday. That isn’t your cap table and I won’t pretend it is. It does mean I’m not learning the shape of this problem from a textbook.

What I’m not is your financial advisor, tax professional, or attorney, and I’d be suspicious of any therapist who blurred that line. Bring the documents to the people whose job the documents are. Bring the 3 a.m. calculating and the postponed life and the sentence you can’t say out loud to someone like me. I also write weekly at Strong and Stable, which now reaches 28,000+ newsletter subscribers.

Here’s the last thing, the thing I’d say if you were sitting across from me instead of reading. You’ve been treating this period as a hallway, time to be endured on the way to the room where your life begins. But you’re living in the hallway, and it’s years long. Nobody is coming to tell you it’s safe to unpack, because nobody can. What’s available isn’t certainty. It’s the capacity to sleep, to make plans, to be honest with the people who love you, and to be recognizably yourself while the question stays open. That capacity is built, not granted. And it doesn’t cost anything that hasn’t vested.

Related Reading

• Boss, Pauline, and Donna Carnes. “The Myth of Closure.” Family Process 51, no. 4 (2012): 456-69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23230978/.
• Brosschot, Jos F., William Gerin, and Julian F. Thayer. “The Perseverative Cognition Hypothesis: A Review of Worry, Prolonged Stress-Related Physiological Activation, and Health.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60, no. 2 (2006): 113-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16439263/.
• Carleton, R. Nicholas. “Into the Unknown: A Review and Synthesis of Contemporary Models Involving Uncertainty.” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 39 (2016): 30-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26945765/.
• de Berker, Archy O., Robb B. Rutledge, Christoph Mathys, Louise Marshall, Gemma F. Cross, Raymond J. Dolan, and Sven Bestmann. “Computations of Uncertainty Mediate Acute Stress Responses in Humans.” Nature Communications 7 (2016): 10996. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27020312/.
• Grupe, Daniel W., and Jack B. Nitschke. “Uncertainty and Anticipation in Anxiety: An Integrated Neurobiological and Psychological Perspective.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, no. 7 (2013): 488-501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23783199/.
• Kim, Tae Jun, and Olaf von dem Knesebeck. “Perceived Job Insecurity, Unemployment and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Observational Studies.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 89, no. 4 (2016): 561-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26715495/.
• Peters, Achim, Bruce S. McEwen, and Karl Friston. “Uncertainty and Stress: Why It Causes Diseases and How It Is Mastered by the Brain.” Progress in Neurobiology 156 (2017): 164-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28576664/.
• Richardson, Thomas, Peter Elliott, and Ronald Roberts. “The Relationship between Personal Unsecured Debt and Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Clinical Psychology Review 33, no. 8 (2013): 1148-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24121465/.
• Ruberton, Peter M., Joe Gladstone, and Sonja Lyubomirsky. “How Your Bank Balance Buys Happiness: The Importance of ‘Cash on Hand’ to Life Satisfaction.” Emotion 16, no. 5 (2016): 575-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27064287/.
• U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Investor Education and Advocacy. “Initial Public Offerings: Lockup Agreements.” Investor.gov. https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/glossary/initial-public-offerings-lockup-agreements.
• Yunitri, Nuraini, Hsin Chu, Xiao Linda Kang, Bayu Satria Wiratama, Tso-Ying Lee, Li-Fang Chang, Doresses Liu, et al. “Comparative Effectiveness of Psychotherapies in Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.” Psychological Medicine 53, no. 13 (2023): 6376-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36628572/.
• Zagaria, Andrea, Cristina Ottaviani, Caterina Lombardo, and Andrea Ballesio. “Perseverative Cognition as a Mediator between Perceived Stress and Sleep Disturbance: A Structural Equation Modeling Meta-analysis.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 57, no. 6 (2023): 463-71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36409327/.

Warmly, Annie.

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